Oxidative Stress In Microorganisms
Exposed To Iron Nanoparticles
Author(s)
A. Sevcu & M. Cernik
Abstract
Engineered iron nanoparticles, with sizes smaller than 100 nm, have been of high
concern because of their promising capability in environmental remediation.
Nanoparticles based on zero-valent iron (nZVI) have the potential not only to
migrate in the environment and interact with pollutants but also influence the
living organisms by direct impact or by changes of groundwater parameters. The
basis of many food chains is dependent on the benthic and soil flora and fauna.
In general, nZVI can significantly influence the soil microbial diversity, interact
with ions in the soil, form non-toxic complex salts and/or be adsorbed.
Moreover, nanoparticles could have indirect effect on microorganisms via
changes in bioavailability of essential compounds. Iron can convert less reactive
hydrogen peroxide to more reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton
reaction. ROS that includes superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide are also
generated as a by-product of aerobic metabolism, because aerobic organisms use
oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor when producing energy. Mitochondrial
electron transport reduces 95% of O2 to water, but the remaining 5% of O2 is
reduced to superoxide radical. Unnaturally elevated concentrations of ROS in
microbial cell can result in a situation known as the oxidative stress. Production
of ROS constitutes a severe risk to photosynthetic organisms such as
cyanobacteria and algae, because a common source of superoxide radicals is
photosynthesis. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have intensive electron fluxes
which also contain higher oxygen and metal ion concentrations and therefore
both organelles are more vulnerable to oxidative stress.
Keywords: nanotoxicology, zero-valent iron nanoparticles, oxidative stress,
reactive oxygen species.
Keywords
nanotoxicology, zero-valent iron nanoparticles, oxidative stress,
reactive oxygen species
Related Book
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