Particulates In The Atmosphere Of Makkah And
Mina Valley During The Ramadan And Hajj
Seasons Of 2004 And 2005
Author(s)
A. R. Seroji
Abstract
This work has been devoted to study TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in the atmosphere of
Makkah and the Mina valley during the Ramadan and Hajj periods, 1424 and
1425 H. On the occasion of Hajj, about 2.5 million persons gather in Makkah
and move to Mina valley (4 km2), 7 km outside east of Makkah. Pilgrims spend
3 nights in the valley. Congested traffic and the high rates of emissions in such a
valley of small area coupled with severe weather conditions, make the area ideal
for the accumulation of air pollutants. The present investigation shows that the
diurnal cycle of PM10 in air coincides with the pattern of traffic movements.
Particulate matters (PM10) daily concentrations in the atmosphere of the Mina
valley ranged between 191–262μg/m3 during the presence of the pilgrims in
Mina compared to the European standard of 50μg/m3. These concentrations
represent 34%–40% of TSP. These high PM10 concentrations are due to the
massive transportation movements at Mina valley. Moreover, TSP
concentrations reached 665μg/m3 in the Makkah atmosphere during the last ten
days of Ramadan compared to the Saudi standard of 340μg/m3. Chemical
analysis of PM10 indicated high levels of sulphates, ammonium, nitrates and
chlorides. For example, the concentrations of nitrates and sulphates of PM10 were
about 4.9% and 6.1% respectively, compared to 2.1% of nitrates and 2.7% of
sulphates in TSP. Health dangers that might be encountered by pilgrims due to
these pollutants were estimated. It is recommended to set a well planned air
quality management program to protect the air of Makkah.
Keywords: Makkah, Mina, particulates, PM10, PM2.5, pilgrims, transportation.
Keywords
Makkah, Mina, particulates, PM10, PM2.5, pilgrims, transportation
Related Book
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