The Southeast Asian Haze Crisis: Lesson To Be Learned
Author(s)
M. A. Kasmo
Abstract
The Southeast Asian haze crisis:
lesson to be learned
M. A. Kasmo
Center For General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Abstract
The Southeast Asian region experienced the worst haze crisis in history in 1997.
The haze crisis was caused by massive fires in several regions especially the
Indonesian islands of Sumatera and Kalimantan. It was reported that about
5 million hectares of land were burnt in 199711998 [I]. The haze crisis severely
affected the economy of the countries of the region especially with regards to
tourism, transport industries and the general health of the people. It has also
psychologically haunted the people of the region, fearing its recurrence. The
haze problem in the Southeast Asian region was very closely connected to the
regional government drive for economic development. Many large oil palm
companies and corporations were said to be responsible for deliberately starting
the fire because it was the cheapest means of clearing the land for the cultivation
Keywords
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