Potential Enhanced N-nitrosodimethylamine
(NDMA) Formation Under Water Treatment
Conditions
Author(s)
S.-H. Park, P. Piyachaturawat, M. Aral & C.-H. Huang
Abstract
This study investigates two aspects of NDMA formation reactions: (i) evaluation
of the potential effect of formaldehyde on NDMA formation, particularly in
reactions of dimethylamine (DMA) and nitrite, and (ii) assessment of potential
NDMA formation from a range of polymeric coagulants and flocculants upon
exposure to disinfection oxidants. The results show that the presence of
formaldehyde can enhance NDMA formation in reactions of DMA and nitrite;
however, this effect is dependent on the concentrations of DMA and nitrite and
is significant only when either concentration was above 5 mM under the
employed experimental conditions. Experiments have been conducted at
relatively high polymer (0.8-19 mg/L active) and oxidant (8-20 mg/L)
concentrations to screen for NDMA formation potentials from four types of
polymers and oxidants, respectively. Results show that aminomethylated
polyacrylamide (Mannich) yielded significantly higher levels of NDMA than
poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (polyDADMAC), polyamine and
cationic polyacrylamide in reactions with monochloramine and nitrite. Much
lower levels of NDMA were formed with free chlorine and chlorine dioxide.
1 Introduction
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a probable human carcinogen, as classified
by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) with 10-6 cancer risk level
of 0.7 ng/L. Recently NDMA has been identified as a drinking water
contaminant after several water utilities in Canada and the U.S. reported the
occurrence of NDMA in drinking water supplies (MOE, [13]; DHS, [5]). Studies
Keywords
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