Overview Of Ultrafine Particles And
Human Health
Author(s)
J. C. Chow & J. G. Watson
Abstract
Several hypotheses have been advanced concerning which properties of
suspended particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere cause short-term and
long-term health effects. These properties include: 1) PM mass in different size
fractions; 2) PM surface area; 3) PM number; 4) transition metals (especially the
soluble fraction); 5) acids (especially sulfuric acid); 6) organic compounds; 7)
biogenic particles; 8) sulfate and nitrate compounds (typically neutralized in
whole or in part by ammonia or sodium); 9) peroxides and other free radicals
that accompany and help to form PM; 10) soot (elemental carbon and associated
PAH); and 11) correlated cofactors (other pollutants and variations in
meteorology). Particle number and surface area are dominated by ultrafine
particles (UP), those with aerodynamic diameters less than ~0.1 µm. Although
the UP fraction does not contribute large quantities to PM2.5 or PM10 mass
(particles with aerodynamic diameters <2.5 or 10 µm, respectively), it dominates
the PM number concentration and most of its surface area. UP are produced by
the condensation of hot vapors in fresh combustion emissions. They also form
from natural and manmade gases as secondary aerosol by photochemical
oxidation of compounds with high vapor pressures to compounds with lower
vapor pressures. UP may contain transition metals, organic material, sulfuric
acid, and free radicals. Owing to their small size and high mobilities, they
diffuse rapidly and may combine with each other, with larger particles, and with
nearby deposition surfaces. When UP are inhaled, these surfaces may include
those of the upper and lower human respiratory system. Because of their short
lifetimes and low mass concentrations, UP are not conveniently measured in
source emissions and ambient air. For similar reasons, they are not easily
generated for exposure, inhalation, and toxicological studies to determine their
potential adverse effects on human health.
Keywords: ultrafine, nanoparticles, PM, health effects.
Keywords
ultrafine, nanoparticles, PM, health effects.
Related Book
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