GRALE2D – An Explicit Finite Element Code For
Two-dimensional Plane And Axi-symmetric
Multi-material ALE Simulations
Author(s)
L. Olovsson & A. Helte
Abstract
This paper describes the Euler-Lagrange coupling in GRALE2D, an explicit finite
element code for two-dimensional plane and axi-symmetrical multi-material ALE
simulations, which is being developed at the Swedish Defence Research Agency
(FOI). A brief overview of the functionalities of the code is followed by a description
of the implemented method for Euler-Lagrange coupling together with a
numerical example demonstrating the performance of the code in a typical ballistic
application. Since GRALE2D works with selectively reduced integrated elements,
hourglass stabilization is not necessary for the treatment of materials with shear
strength.
1 Introduction
GRALE2D is an explicit multi-material ALE finite element software for twodimensional
plane and axi-symmetric problems developed at the Swedish Defense
Research Agency. The main objective with the software is to simulate the mechanics
of warheads, with special emphasis on liner collapse and jet formation of
shaped charges and projectile formation of EFP warheads. However, the software
is general and can be used for other purposes as well. Most commercially available
software are focused on three-dimensional problems while there is a lack of wellsupported
two-dimensional hydro codes. This was the motivation for our group
to develop a hydro code supporting Lagrangian and Eulerian elements as well as
Euler-Lagrange coupling.
The only implemented element type is a four node, selectively reduced integrated,
iso-parametric, bi-linear quadrilateral. That is, there are no zero energy
Keywords
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