Living Systems, ‘total Design’ And The Evolution
Of The Automobile: The Significance And Application
Of Holistic Design Methods In Automotive Design,
Manufacture And Operation
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[main]
Author(s)
D. Andrews, P. Nieuwenhuis & P.D. Ewing
Abstract
Chapter 13
Living systems, ‘total design’ and the evolution
of the automobile: the significance and application
of holistic design methods in automotive design,
manufacture and operation
D. Andrews1, P. Nieuwenhuis2,3 & P.D. Ewing4
1Sustainable Transport Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, UK.
2Centre for Automotive Industry Research, University of Cardiff, UK.
3ESRC Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability
and Society, Cardiff, UK.
4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College of Science,
Technology & Medicine, London, UK.
Abstract
During the latter decades of the 20th century as products became increasingly complex it became
necessary to formalise engineering and product design methods, reputed exponents of which
include Gerhard Pahl andWolfgang Beitz, L. Bruce Archer, Nigel Cross and Stuart Pugh. Pugh’s
‘total design’ method is described as a linear activity in that product manufacture and use are
considered but not what happens to the product at the end of life. This chapter discusses the need
to update the ‘total design’ model by comparing the product life cycle and that of the automobile
in particular with systems and cycles in the natural world.
1 Introduction
A tool is ‘a device or implement . . . used to carry out a particular function’ [1]. The term tool is
usually associated with hand-held devices but, in the broadest sense, all labour-saving devices
that have been produced to make the execution of tasks easier, more efficient and precise may be
described as tools.
Tools are used by several species of animal including members of theApe family although none
are as complex or sophisticated as those used by human beings (Homo sapiens). The simplest tools
are natural objects such as stones and cactus spines, the former being used by Egyptian vultures to
crack ostrich eggs while the latter are used by the woodpecker Finch to extract grubs from trees [2].
Keywords
