Ship Emissions From Australian Ports
Author(s)
M. Davies
Abstract
The focus of attention from regulatory bodies in Australia with respect to air
pollution emissions is for land-based industries and activities; as such, little
attention has been paid to emissions from ships operating in Australian ports.
Emissions standards for ships in general are not included in Australian
legislation, although the international standard, MARPOL 73/78, sets limits on
emissions of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. There is an ongoing need to
improve and upgrade port facilities, including the capacity of ports
to accommodate more ships. In Sydney, for example, there is a high demand for
an increase in container and passenger ships to meet the needs of the local
market. The effective management of the air quality impacts of these shipping
activities is, however, difficult as regulators and port operators have little or no
control over the ships that access their ports. In addition regulatory attempts to
control emissions in one region may reduce the competitiveness of ports in that
region, which ships diverting to other regions to avoid the impact of emission
regulation. An assessment of environmental impacts forms an integral part of
the approvals process for new port and port upgrade projects. Air quality impacts
from ship emissions have not historically been an important part of these
assessments. Recent investigations, however, suggest that emissions from
these ships may potentially affect local and regional air quality. Two Sydney
studies investigated the emissions from ships berthing in busy city ports with
nearby sensitive receivers. Emissions were estimated from engine sizes and
operating regimes and the emission estimation technique provided by the
Australian Government for national pollutant reporting purposes. Dispersion
modelling was conducted using both the AUSPLUME and CALPUFF models to
determine ground-level concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The feasibility of air quality
management measures including Emission Control Areas (ECAs) and shore
power for ships is investigated. The studies highlight the importance of
assessment of pollutants from large ships, which may affect short-term air
quality in areas adjacent to berths. Such assessments are particularly important at
the planning phase of developments, and require the establishment of
representative emissions inventories and emission estimation techniques.
Keywords
MARPOL, Emission Control Areas (ECAs), AUSPLUME,
CALPUFF.
Related Book
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